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Add

契約書耍詐,就是變造文書

案例

幾天前各種平面媒體都以大篇幅報導,電子媒體跟著更以聲光畫面配合,輪番熱炒一則惡「二房東」坑年輕房客的新聞。新聞主角是一位居住在新北市的張姓中年女子,對外自稱是「律師」,她專門在新北市的板橋、新莊、中和等地區向人承租大型房屋,尤其是一些閒置的透天厝。其中,有一部分是以對她負有大額債務的黃姓友人名義向人承租,租下以後花些小錢將房屋加以間隔裝潢,成為小房間、小套房。大房東如果追問緣由,則誆稱是因開公司,業務需要開闢展示室或供工作人員居住作為搪塞,以種種不同理由騙過大房東而不致為將房屋違約「轉租」。一棟在中和區連城路的三樓透天厝被她租下後,便被隔成十二間套房,連屋頂都加蓋成違建的套房,間隔完成後便在各租屋網站登出「雅房」出租廣告,吸引見識不廣的青年租屋族群與思想單純的年輕學生上鉤。


專吸房客身上「血」、欺善怕惡的張女對於上門求租的對象,也會作一番篩選,一些身上刺龍刺鳳者上門,就不敢對他們吭聲,或者在租約上動手腳來施詐。碰到她認為一些可以「吃得夠夠」、入世未深的年輕族群或者是青青學子,便自詡出租的雅房種種優點以及租金便宜,來誘使他們與她簽約承租。一旦對方同意承租,她便拿出未經裝訂的租約要承租人簽名,那些毫無社會經驗的年輕人怎知簽訂租約要在租約頁與頁之間的騎縫處簽名或蓋章,防止惡房東施詐,任意抽換與添加不利房客的條件。也不知道應該要索取一份相同的租約供自己留底存查,便貿然在租約上簽名。張女在取得租約以後,一旦對方未照約定條件履行或任意退租,她深知對方手中沒有掌握任何事證,便在自己握有的租約上打混,添加有利於自己的條件,對方如不照她的意思行事,便以手中擁有的租約可以提起刑事或民事訴訟來恫嚇,要求對方賠償四個月租金或十萬元的違約金不等。一些從未到過法院的學生與他們的家長,聽到要到法院打官司人就軟了半截,不願多作計較就認賠了事。對方舉動若不如她的意,她便用手中擁有已經動過手腳的租約書作為證據,提起刑事的告訴或民事訴訟。二年多來,她曾對四十八名租屋者提出刑事告訴,皆被檢察官作出不起訴處分,沒有一件成立犯罪;但民事部分卻被她打贏不少官司,還準備要上電視炫耀自己在一年內告贏二十九名房客的民事訴訟戰績。


沒想到張女的一連串異於尋常、濫告他人刑事的惡行,早在三個月前就被新北地檢署的一位林姓主任檢察官盯上,密令刑事警察局進行偵查。就在張女要上電視炫耀戰績的前一日,刑事警察局進行收網,對張女及有關人等進行拘提偵訊,並搜獲一大箱的租賃契約。目前已查出張女以這種方式出租的房屋多達四十餘間,這位以「二房東」租屋牟利的張女惡行,在檢警單位密集的偵查下,不久便可一一公諸於世,這裡不去談它,只談談民事上的租賃契約該如何簽訂?以及在租約上動手腳的刑事責任?以免再有人跌入陷阱卻不自知!

說明 

租約,只是一種簡稱,全名應是「租賃契約」,是民事上各式各樣眾多契約中的一種,也是「債」的發生原因之一,契約的成立,依民法第一百五十三條第一項規定:「當事人互相表示意思一致者,無論其為明示或默示,契約即為成立。」同條第二項又明定:「當事人對於必要之點,意思一致,而對於非必要之點,未經表示意思者,推定其契約為成立,關於該非必要之點,當事人意思不一致時,法院應依其事件之性質定之。」契約成立後,在契約上應享有權利的人稱為債權人,應盡義務的人稱為債務人,權利義務如果發生爭議經過訴訟,為法院判決確定後,債務人倘仍不履行契約義務,債權人可用法院判決為執行名義,聲請法院對債務人為強制執行,強迫債務人履行。所以,簽訂契約並非兒戲,必須一字一句仔細推敲,不可「馬虎」從事,事後再行爭執反悔,可能徒勞無功!


租賃契約的定義,依民法第四百二十一條規定,是指「當事人約定,一方以物租與他方使用收益,他方支付租金之契約。」「前項租金,得以金錢或租賃物之孳息充之。」依此項定義來看,租賃物的標的,除常見的不動產房屋租賃以外,也包括動產的租賃,像汽車、機車的租賃使用便是。租賃契約的簽訂,也不必限於書面,有時用言詞即可成立契約。不過,不動產的租賃,租期超過一年者,依民法第四百二十二條規定,必須「以字據訂立」,不以字據訂立者,則「視為不定期限租賃。」這裡所謂「字據」,指的即是書面契約。張女出租房屋既與承租人議定,使用書面契約,則書面契約中任何文字的更改或或者增減,都必須經過契約雙方當事人的同意,不是單獨的一方可以任意竄改,為了防止他方在契約上塗改或增減,當事人必須慎重地在增減的文字之處蓋章或簽名,在有更改的字行上方空白處簽名蓋章註明這一行中有更改的字數。契約不只是單頁,更應在頁與頁的連接處蓋上騎縫章或簽名,然後各執一紙為憑。凡此層層加註,無非是使契約保持真實性,防止契約的另一方任意添加塗改。一旦鬧上法庭,細心製作的契約書,便會讓動過手腳的契約書現出原形,使對方背上變造私文書的罪名。如果只在契約書的當事人欄處簽名,內容便撒手不管,則那些內容是被對方事後加添,就很不容易證明。


由以上的說明可知,一份契約書的製作,每一字每一句都必須經過雙方當事人的同意,單獨一方對契約內容並無製作權,如果擅自更動,達到足以生損害公眾於他人的程度,便觸犯了刑法第二百一十條的變造私文書罪,要處五年以下有期徒刑,刑責並不算輕。所以簽訂契約不是一樁小事,千萬不可未經對方同意便對契約書的內容塗塗改改,引來刑責上身! 

備註:
一、 本文登載日期為104416日,文中所援引之相關法規如有變動,仍請注意依最新之法規為準。
二、 本刊言論為作者之法律見解,僅供參考,不代表本署立場。

本篇引用自台灣高等檢察署【法律常識問題】

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